3/23/2007

你的黑体不够黑

我做文件,习惯是自己一下子搞定,包括格式,因为大部分情况下都是小菜一碟。

今天,也不例外。

有个人跑过来说:你赶紧让秘书给你调整一下格式!

这个格式不对吗?

不对啊。我一眼就看出来不对!

不可能,这不都是黑体再加粗吗?

不对,你这个黑体都不够黑!赶紧让秘书帮你调!

(旁边秘书已呈休克状)

3/21/2007

有话直白说

原文:Any provision of the Agreement prohibited by, or unlawful or unenforceable under, any applicable law actually applied by any court of competent jurisdiction, shall, to the extent required by such law, be severed from the Agreement and rendered ineffective so far as ispossible without modifying the remaining provisions.

原译:如果本协议的任何规定按照任何有适当司法管辖权的法院所实际适用的任何可适用法律被予以禁止或认定为非法或不可执行,则该等规定应按照该等法律的要求并在可能的情况下从本协议中分离并被视为无效,而无须变更其余规定。

改译:如果本协议的任何条款被任何有管辖权的法院依据适用法律禁止或者认定为非法或不可执行,则该等条款应按照该等法律的要求、在尽可能不变更其余条款的情况下从本协议中分离并视为无效。

原文:This Agreement supersedes all previous understandings between the Parties, whether oral or written, with respect to the purpose of the Agreement.
原译:本协议替代各方为本协议之目的达成的全部以往谅解,无论是口头还是书面。
改译:本协议替代各方为本协议之目的达成的全部口头和书面谅解。

原文:This Agreement together with its Appendices and any other document incorporated by express reference herein shall be considered as one and the same document and shall form the complete Agreement between the Parties with respect to the Services.

原译:本协议及其附件以及本协议中明确提及的任何其他文件应被视为一(1)份和同一文件并形成各方之间就服务达成的完整协议。

改译:本协议及其附件以及本协议中明确提及的任何其他文件应被视为同一份文件并构成各方之间就服务达成的完整协议。

随感

适当读一些浅显晓畅但逻辑清晰严谨的汉语数学、科普著作对法律/科技翻译者颇有益处。合同中诸多条款本质无非是"如果……就"的条件,各类数理化定理/公理的汉语表达逻辑完全可以用到合同翻译中来。严丝合缝、言简意赅!

3/15/2007

现代汉语再认识

http://www.news365.com.cn/bsjhcdjy/200608/t20060806_1053840.htm

――作家韩少功在华东师范大学的讲演

一、走出弱势的汉语

来这里之前,我和很 多作家在法国参加书展,看到很多中国文学作品在法国出版,估计有一两百种之多。这是一个相当大的数量,完全可以与法国文学在中国的翻译量相比。这已经是一 个惊人的现实。以前在法国书店的角落里,可能有一个小小的亚洲书柜。在这个书柜里有个更小的角落,可能放置了一些中国书,很边缘。但现在出现了变化。这次 书展足以证明,中国文学已开始引起世界瞩目。

所谓中国文学,就是用中国文字写成的文学。中国文学在法国以及在西方的影响,也是中国文字在世界范围内重新确立重要地位的过程。汉语,在这里指的是汉文、华文或者中文,是中国最主要的文字。

环视中国的四周,像日本、韩国、越南,以前都大量借用汉字,从某种意义上来说,构成了汉语文化圈的一部分,更准确地说,是汉字文化圈的一部分。但后来随着 现代化运动的推进,随着民族国家的独立浪潮,他们都觉得汉语不方便,甚至很落后,纷纷走上了欧化或半欧化的道路。这是一种偶然的巧合吗?当然不是。其实, 我们中国人自己不久以前对汉语也是充满怀疑的,甚至完全丧失了自信心。早在民国时期,国民党政府就成立了文字改革委员会,提出了拼音化与拉丁化的改革方 向。到上个世纪的五十年代,国家也坚持文字改革的方向。只是没有做成而已。

汉语到底应不应该拼音化和拉丁化?这是一个问题。我们这里先不要下结论,还是先看一看具体的事实。

大家知道,英语的词汇量相当大,把全世界各种英语的单词加起来,大约五十万。考TOEFL,考GRE,也就是两三万单词吧?《纽约时报》统计,最近每年都 有一到两万英语新单词出现。相比之下,汉语的用字非常俭省。中国扫盲标准是认一千五百个字。一个中学生掌握两千多字,读四大古典文学名著不成问题。像我这 样的作家写了十几本书,也就是掌握三千多字。但一个人若是不记住三万英语单词,《时代》周刊就读不顺,更不要说去读文学作品了。汉语的长处是可以以字组 词,创造一个新概念,一般不用创造新字。英语当然也能以旧组新,但是比较而言,汉语以旧字组新词的能力非常强,构成了一种独特优势。

第二点,说说输入的速度。因特网刚出现的时候,有人说汉语的末日来临,因为汉语的键盘输入速度比不上英语。在更早的电报时代,否定汉语的一个重要理由,也 是说西语字母比较适合电报机的编码,而汉语这么多字,要先转换成数字编码,再转换成机器的语言,实在是太麻烦。当时,很多人认为:现代化就是机器化,一切 不能机器化的东西,都应该淘汰掉。我们即便接受这个逻辑前提,也不需要急着给汉语判死刑。不久前,很多软件公司,包括美国的微软,做各种语言键盘输入速度 的测试,最后发现汉语输入不但不比英语输入慢,反而更快。

第三点,说说理解的方便。西语基本上都是表音文字,但汉语至今是另走一 路。这种表意文字的好处,是人们不一定一见就能开口,但一见就能明白。所谓"望文生义",如果不作贬义的解释,很多时候不是什么坏事。有日本朋友同我说, 日语中"电脑"有两个词,一个是汉字"电脑",另一个是片假名,是英语computer的音译。他们现在越来越愿意用"电脑",因为"电脑"一望便知。在 美国,你要一般老百姓说出"四环素"、"变阻器"、"碳酸钙"、"高血压"、"肾结石"、"七边形",更是强人所难。奇怪吗?不奇怪。表音文字就是容易读 但不容易理解,不理解也就不容易记住,日子长了,一些专业用词就出现生僻化和神秘化的趋向。西方人为什么最崇拜专家?不光是因为专家有知识,而且很多词语 只有专家能说。

第四点,说说语种的规模。我曾到过蒙古,在他们的书店里,要找一本维特根斯坦的哲学,要找一本普鲁斯特的《追忆似 水年华》,难。在一个只有两百万人的语种市场,他们的文学书架上最多的是诗歌,诗歌中最多的又是儿歌,因为儿歌是一个少有的做得上去的市场。你要是出版 《追忆似水年华》,卖个几十本几百本,出版者不亏死了?这里就有语种规模对文化生产和文化积累的严重制约。我还到过一个更小的国家冰岛,三十多万人口。他 们有很强的语言自尊,不但有冰岛语,而且拒绝任何外来词。bank是"银行",差不多是个国际通用符号了,但冰岛人就是顶住不用,要造出一个冰岛词来取而 代之。我们必须尊重他们对自己语言的热爱。但想一想,在这样一个小语种里,怎么写作?怎么出版?绝大多数冰岛作家都得接受国家补贴,不是他们不改革,是实 在没有办法。相比之下,我们身处汉语世界应该感到幸福和幸运。世界上大语种本来就不多,而汉语至少有十三亿人使用。打算其中百分之一的人读书,也是个天文 数字。再打算其中百分之一的人读好书,也是天文数字。这个出版条件不是每一个国家都有的。

从上述四方面来看,汉语至少不是一无是 处,汉语是很有潜力甚至很有优势的语言。我记得西方有一个语言学家说过,衡量一个语种的地位和能量有三个量的指标:首先是人口,即使用这种语言的人口数 量。在这一点上,我们中国比较牛,至少有十多亿。第二个指标是典籍,即使用这种语言所产生的典籍数量。在这一点上我们的汉语也还不错。第三个指标:经济实 力,即这种语言使用者的物质财富数量。正是从这三个指标综合来看,汉语正由弱到强。我们对汉语最丧失自信心的一天已经过去了,提倡拼音化和拉丁化的改革, 作为一次盲目的文化自卑和自虐,应该打上句号了。

二、来自文言的汉语

我们常常说,现代汉语是白话文。其 实,这样说是不够准确的。要说白话文,要说平白如话或者以话为文,世界上最大的白话文是西文,比如说英文。英文是语言中心主义,文字跟着语言走,书写跟着 读音走,那才够得上所谓"以话为文"的标准定义。从这一点看,现代汉语顶多是半个白话文。

我们的老祖宗是文字中心主义:语言跟着文字走。那时候四川人、广东人、山东人等等各说各的方言,互相听不懂,怎么办?只好写字,以字为主要交流工具。秦始皇搞了个"书同文",没有搞"话同音"。一个字的发音可能五花八门,但字是稳定的,统一的,起主导作用的。

古代汉语叫"文言文","文"在"言"之前,主从关系表达得很清楚。从全世界看,这种以文字为中心的特点并不多见。我猜想,这与中国的造纸有关系。一般的 说法是,公元一百零五年,东汉的蔡伦发明造纸。现在有敦煌等地的出土文物,证明西汉初期就有了纸的运用,比蔡伦还早了几百年。有了纸,就可以写字。写字多 了,字就成了信息活动的中心。欧洲直到十三世纪,经过阿拉伯人的传播,才学到中国的造纸技术。在那以前,他们也有纸,但主要是羊皮纸。我们现在到他们的博 物馆去看看,看他们的圣经,他们的希腊哲学和几何学,都写在羊皮纸上,翻动起来很困难,也过于昂贵。据说下埃及人发明过一种纸草,以草叶为纸,也传到过欧 洲,但为什么没有传播开来,为什么没有后续的技术改进,至今还是一个谜。

如果没有纸,如果文字在生活中不能方便地运用,那些古代欧洲的游牧民族,怎么可能保证文字的稳定、统一和主导性呢?在这种情况下,欧洲的语言大多只能随嘴而变:这可能就是语言中心主义产生的背景,也是他们语言大分裂的重要原因。

国学大师钱穆在谈到中国为何没有像欧洲那样分裂的时候,谈了很多原因,文字就是重要的一条。在他看来,正因为有了"书同文"的汉语,中央王朝和各地之间才 有了稳定的信息网络,才保证了政治、军事以及经济的联系,尽管幅员广阔交通不便,但国土统一可以用文字来予以维系。

汉语不但有利 于共同体的统一,还有利于文化的历史传承。我们现在读先秦和两汉的作品,没有太大障碍,靠的就是文字几千年不变。一个"吃"字,上古音读qia,中古音读 qi,现代音读chi,读音多次变化,但文字没有变化。如果我们换上一种表音文字,就不会有几千年不变的"吃"。莎士比亚时代的英语,乔叟时代的英语,现 在的英美人都读不懂,说是古英语,其实不过是十六世纪和十四世纪的事。这更不要说作为英语前身的那些盖尔语,凯尔特语,威尔士语等等,今天的广大英美人就 更没法懂了。

当然,中国人不能永远生活在农业文明的历史里。随着生活的变化,尤其是随着十八世纪以后的现代工业文明浪潮的到来, 汉语也表现出僵化、残缺、不够用的一面。以文字为中心的语言,可能有利于继承,但可能不利于创新和追新;可能有利于掌握文字的贵族阶层,但一定不利于疏远 文字的大众,不利于这个社会中下层释放出文化创造的能量。这样,从晚清到五四运动,一些中国知识分子正是痛感文言文的弊端,发出了改革的呼声。

当时很多西方的事物传到了中国,同时也就带来了很多外来语,这些外来语不合适用文言文来表达。文言文的词,一般是单音节或者双音节。但外来语常常是三音 节、四音节乃至更多音节。"拿破仑","马克思",你还可勉强压缩成"拿氏"和"马翁",但"资本主义"和"社会主义",你不好缩写成"资义"和"社义" 吧?碰上"二氧化碳"和"社会达尔文主义",怎么缩写?想想当年,鲁迅留学日本,胡适留学美国,带回来很多洋学问,肯定觉得文言文不方便表达,语言文字的 改革势在必行。

文言文也不大利于社会阶级结构的变化。白话文并不是现代才有的。宋代大量的"话本",就是白话进入书面形式的开 始,与当时市民文化的空前活跃有密切关系。活字印刷所带来的印刷成本大大降低,也可能发挥了作用。宋代以前,白话同样可能存在,只是不一定被书写和记录。 我们现在看一些古典戏曲,知道戏台上的老爷、太太、小姐、相公,讲话就是用文言,而一些下人,包括丫环、农夫、士卒、盗贼,都是说白话。这很可能是古代中 国语言生态的真实图景。晚清以后,中国处在巨大社会变革的关头,阶级结构必须改变。这个时候,下等人的语言要登上大雅之堂,多数人的口语要挑战少数人的文 字,当然也在所难免。

所以,五四前后出现的白话文运动,一方面是外来语运动,另一方面是民间语运动。现代文学也依托了这两大动 力。比如一些作家写得"洋腔洋调",徐志摩,郭沫若,巴金,茅盾,笔下有很多欧化和半欧化的句子。另有一些作家写得"土腔土调",像赵树理,老舍,沈从 文,周立波,还有其他从解放区出来的一些工农作家。这两种作家都写出了当时令人耳目一新的作品。鲁迅是亦土亦洋,笔下既有吴方言的明显痕迹,又有日语和西 语的影响。

当然,外来语丰富了汉语,但也带来一些毛病,其中有一种,我称之为"学生腔"或者"书生腔"。这种语言脱离现实生活, 是从书本上搬来的,尤其是从洋书本上搬来的。这些"洋腔"或者"书生腔",是从我们一味崇俄或者一味崇美的知识体制中产生的,是图书馆的产物,不是生活的 产物。

再来看看民间语运动可能发生的病变。老百姓并不都是语言天才,民间语里有精华,也会有糟粕。口语入文一旦搞过了头,就可能 造成语言的粗放、简陋、混乱以及贫乏。在这方面不能有语言的群众专政和民主迷信。比方说,我们古人说打仗,是非常有讲究的。皇帝出来打仗,国与国之间的开 战,叫"征"。打土匪,只能叫"荡"。"征"、"伐"、"讨"、"平","荡",如何用,是要讲究资格和身份的。孔子修《春秋》,每一个字都用得很用心, 注入了很多意义和感觉的含量,微言大义呵。但现在的白话文粗糙了。汉语中的很多动词正在失传,汉语固有的一些语法特色,包括名词、动词、形容词互相隐含和 互相包容的传统,也正在失传。这不是一件好事。

口语入文搞过了头,汉语还可能分裂。香港有些报纸,开辟了粤语专页,用的是粤语 文,包括很多生造汉字,我们一看就傻眼。但他们可以看懂。如果我们确立了以话为文的原则,文字跟语言走的原则,为什么不能承认他们这种粤语书面化的合法性 呢?但如果承认了这种合法性,那么福建话、上海话、四川话、湖南话、江西话等等是不是也要书面化?中国是不是也应该像古代欧洲一样来个语言的大分家?这确 实是一个很难办的事,事关语言学原理,也事关政治和社会的公共管理。

看来,语言主导文字,或者文字主导语言,各有好处,也各有各的问题。最可行的方案可能是语言与文字的两元并举,两者相互补充与相互制约。这是我们以前一味向表音文字看齐时的理论盲区。

三、创造优质的汉语

希腊语中有一个词:barbro,既指野蛮人,也指不会说话的结巴。在希腊人眼里,语言是文明的标志――我们如果没有优质的汉语,就根本谈不上中华文明。 什么是优质的汉语?在我看来,一种优质语言并不等于强势语言,并不等于流行语言。优质语言一是要有很强的解析能力,二是要有很强的形容能力。前者支持人的 智性活动,后者支持人的感性活动。一个人平时说话要"入情入理",就是智性与感性的统一。

我们不能要求所有的人都说得既准确又生 动。陈词滥调无处不在,应该说是一个社会的正常状况。但知识分子代表着社会文明的品级高度,应该承担一个责任,使汉语的解析能力和形容能力不断增强。正是 在这一点上,我们不能说白话文已经大功告成。白话文发展到今天,也许只是走完了第一步。

我们很多人眼下还缺少语言的自觉。我们对 汉语的理性认识还笼罩在盲目欧化的阴影之下。现代汉语语法奠基于《马氏文通》,而《马氏文通》基本上是照搬英语语法。这个照搬不能说没有功劳。汉语确实从 英语中学到了不少东西,不但学会了使用"她",还学会了时态表达方式,比如广泛使用"着"、"了"、"过",弥补了汉语逻辑规制的不足。这方面的例子还很 多。但汉语这只脚,并不完全适用英语语法这只鞋。我们现在的大多数汉语研究还在削足适履的状态。我们看看报纸上的体育报道:"中国队大胜美国队",意思是 中国队胜了;"中国队大败美国队",意思也是中国队胜了。这一定让老外犯糊涂。这种非语法、反语法、超语法的现象,在汉语里很多见。

又比方说,用汉语最容易出现排比和对偶。到农村去看,全中国最大的文学活动就是写对联,应该说是世界一绝。但英语理论肯定不会特别重视对偶,因为英语单词 的音节参差不齐,不容易形成对偶。英语只有所谓重音和轻音的排序,也没有汉语的四声变化。西方语言理论不会对音节对称和声律变化有足够的关心,不会有这些 方面的理论成果。

还有成语典故,是汉语的一大传统。一个农民也能出口成章言必有典,但是要口译员把这些典故译成外语,他们一听, 脑袋就大了。应该说,其他语种也有成语,但汉语因为以文字为中心,延绵几千年没有中断,形成了成语典故的巨大储存量,其他语种无法与之比肩。每一个典故是 一个故事,有完整的语境,有完整的人物和情节。"邻人偷斧","掩耳盗铃","刻舟求剑","削足适履","拔苗助长"……汉语不看重抽象的规定,总是引 导言说者用一个个实践案例,甚至一个个生动有趣的故事,来推动思想和感觉。在这一点上,汉语倒像是最有"后现代"哲学风格的一种语言,一种特别时髦的前卫 语言。

汉语不同于英语,不可能同于英语。汉语迫切需要一种合身的理论描述,需要用一种新的理论创新来解放和发展自己。要创造更适 合汉语的语法理论,一定要打倒语法霸权,尤其要打倒既有的洋语法霸权,解放我们语言实践中各种活的经验。中国历史上浩如烟海的诗论、词论、文论,其实包含 了很多有中国特色的语言理论,但这些宝贵资源一直被我们忽视。

汉语眼下处于一个什么样的处境?外来语、民间语以及古汉语这三大块 资源,在白话文运动以来发生了怎样的变化?包括文言文的资源是否需要走出冷宫从而重新进入我们的视野?这些都是问题。眼下,电视、广播、手机、因特网、报 刊图书,各种语言载体都在实现爆炸式的规模扩张,使人们的语言活动空前频繁和猛烈。有人说这是一个语言狂欢的时代。其实在我看来也是一个语言危机的时代, 是语言垃圾到处泛滥的时代。我们丝毫不能掉以轻心。我昨天听到有人说:"我好好开心呵","我好好感动呵"。这是从台湾电视片里学来的话吧?甚至是一些大 学生也在说的话吧?实在是糟粕。"好好"是什么意思?"好好"有什么好?还有什么"开开心心",完全是病句。"第一时间",比"尽快"、"从速"、"立 刻"更有道理吗?

我有一个朋友,不久前告诉我:他有一天中午读了报上一篇平淡无奇的忆旧性短文,突然大哭一场,事后根本无法解释 自己的哭。我想,他已经成了一个新时代的barbro,一天天不停地说话,但节骨眼上倒成了个哑巴。就是说,他对自己最重要、最入心、最动情的事,反而哑 口无言。事实上,我们都要警惕:我们不要成为文明时代的野蛮人,不要成为胡言乱语或有口难言的人。

(本文是作者在华东师范大学"全球文化条件下的中国现代文学研究"暑期研讨班上的讲演。)

3/14/2007

把Body corporate译作“法人团体“可以休矣!

这个是一个曾经被陈忠诚老先生批判过好几次的误译,今天却在所里的所谓"先例"中再次看到。无语。

  1. "法人"英语译名的确定 http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/jsp/contentpub/browser/contentpro.jsp?contentid=co1384822123
  2. 几个法律术语的翻译 http://www.civillaw.com.cn/article/default.asp?id=31540
  3. Body corporate 1(Wiki)
  4. Body corporte 2 (pdf)

glossary 13 March 2007

course of dealing 交易过程
指某一特定交易的当事人之间一系列先前的内。美国《统一商法典》第1-205条规定,它在解释当事人的意思表示和其他行为时将正当地被认为确立了一个理解的共同基础。

derogation
1)(法律、合同、条约等的)部分废除
指后来制定的法律规定限制原先法律的适用范围或强制力,从而导致其部分废除。

2)废止;取消 指制定法(statute)全部或部分地废止或取消普通法上的权利

abrogation: 整部法律被废止或宣告失效。

3/12/2007

China's next revolution

Property rights in China

Mar 8th 2007
From
The Economist print edition

A new property law is a breakthrough, even though it raises hopes that one-party rule may dash

SOME 2,500 years ago, one of Confucius's big ideas was the "rectification of names". If only, he argued, sons would behave filially, fathers paternally, kings royally and subjects loyally, all would be well with the world. A faint echo of this thesis has been resounding this week in the cavernous auditorium of Beijing's Great Hall of the People, where nearly 3,000 delegates to China's parliament, the National People's Congress (NPC), have been enjoying their annual fortnight of wining, dining, snoozing and pressing the "yes" button. Living up to one's name poses something of a problem for the Chinese Communist Party, which dictates the laws the NPC will pass, and whose name in Chinese literally means "the public-property party".

To such a party it must be an ideological embarrassment that China has such a large and flourishing private sector, accounting for some two-thirds of GDP. So one law due to receive the NPC's rubber stamp this month, giving individuals the same legal protection for their property as the state, has proved unusually contentious. It was to be passed a year ago, but was delayed after howls of protest from leftists, who see it as among the final of many sell-outs of the ideas of Marx, Lenin and Mao Zedong, to which the party pretends fealty.

The party's decision to enact the law in spite of that resistance is a great symbolic victory for economic reform and the rule of law. Clearer, enforceable property rights are essential if China's fantastic 30-year boom is to continue and if the tensions it has generated are to be managed without widespread violence. Every month sees thousands of protests across China by poor farmers outraged at the expropriation of their land for piffling or no compensation. As in previous years, placating those left behind in China's rush for growth has been a main theme of the NPC (see article).

In the cities, and of greater importance to the decision-makers pushing the law through, a growing middle class with its wealth tied up in houses wants to pass these assets on to their only children. These people are anxious about the security of their property and, like their fellows in the countryside, are becoming more assertive. In other countries the emergence of this group as an important political constituency has been followed by an unstoppable drift towards greater pluralism.

A journey of a thousand steps

In the short term, however, do not expect too much. The latest law is only one step in the slow trudge China is making out of the blind alley of Maoism. One big change in 2002 allowed businessmen to join the Communist Party, thus turning the revolutionary vanguard into a networking opportunity for bosses. In 2004 China changed the country's constitution to enshrine private-property rights. But the constitution is less a prescriptive document than a constantly changing description of what has just happened. So nothing changed.

This latest law, likewise, will not bring the full property-rights revolution China's development demands. Indeed, it will not meet the most crying need: to give peasants marketable ownership rights to the land they farm. If they could sell their land, tens of millions of underemployed farmers might find productive work. Those who stay on the farm could acquire bigger land holdings and use them more efficiently. Nor will the new law let peasants use their land as security on which they could borrow and invest to boost productivity. Nor, even now, will they be free from the threat of expropriation, another disincentive to investment. Much good land has already been grabbed, and the new law will merely protect the grabbers' gains.

This law cannot in itself resolve the murkiest question: who owns what? This is especially true in the countryside, where the mass collectivisation during Mao's Great Leap Forward of half a century ago left farmland "collectively" owned. Peasants have since been granted short (30-year) leases. But even outside agriculture it is often unclear whether a "private" enterprise is really owned by individuals or by a local government or party unit. Conversely, some "collective" or "state" enterprises operate in ways indistinguishable from the private interests of their bosses. Moreover, should an underdog try to use the new law to enforce his rights, the corrupt and pliant judiciary would usually ensure he was wasting his time. Since the Cultural Revolution, when the NPC passed just one law between 1967 and 1976, the legislature has been legislating quite prolifically. But the passage of laws is not the rule of law.

Which leads to a final obstacle: without an accountable executive branch, the necessary reform of the legal system is not going to happen. As the passage of the property law itself demonstrates, the party is showing itself somewhat more responsive to public opinion than it was in the past. But it still runs a government that does its best to silence most dissenting voices, strictly controls the press, and lavishes resources on the best cyber-censorship money can buy. Property rights are a start; but only contested politics and relatively open media can ensure that they are enforceable.

Petty-bourgeois fanaticism can be good for you

No revolution today then. Yet in the long term the leftist opponents of China's property law are surely right to be worried about what has been begun this month. They understand the law will entrench the rights of the carpet-baggers who have looted the state as it has privatised assets. They also understand that the law, for all its technicalities, does not chime with an avowedly communist government.

The leftists derive their theory not from Confucius, but from Marx. Were the latter writing today, he would surely see in China a revolution waiting to happen—or perhaps two. One is the bourgeois revolution led by the emerging property-owning middle class that the new law will help. The other is the potential for the simmering resentment in the countryside to boil over, perhaps in frustration at the law's shortcomings. Property rights are at the root of both—which is why the dozing NPC delegates may have started a process this month that will one day change their country completely.

source: http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=8815075

3/01/2007

A short history of everything


That's the book I've been, and could not afford to stop, reading. It's interesting not only in the sense as conveyed by the book reviews as below, from the Internet, but also in the sense that it poses a challenge of English vocabulary, retrieving the prefixes, word roots and suffixes of celtic, latin, french, normanic....origins. My pleasure of reading is doubled.

Highly recommended!

内容简介
由一个旅游作家来写地球的科学简史,这个企划与过程真是太有趣了!

作 者BillBryson是国内知名的徒步旅游作家,国内出版过他的旅游书《欧洲在发酵》和《一脚踩进小美国》,为何会写下这本书呢?作者在书里说道:「我 在旅行途中时,透过机舱的窗口看到下面旷阔的月光与海景,一个念头闪过,我发现到我虽然经常旅行但是对自己生活在上面的星球所知甚少。」作者用清晰明了、 幽默风趣的笔法,将宇宙大爆炸到人类文明发展进程中所发生的繁多妙趣横生的故事一一收入笔下。惊奇和感叹组成了本书,历历在目的天下万物组成了本书,益于 人们了解大千世界的无穷奥妙,掌握万事万物的发展脉络。

   书中回溯了科学史上那些伟大与奇妙的时刻,引用了近年来发现的最新科学史料,几乎每一个被作者描述的事件都奇特而且惊人:宇宙起源于一个要用显微镜才看 得见的奇点;全球气候变暖可能会使北美洲和欧洲北部地区变得更加寒冷;1815年印度尼西亚松巴哇岛坦博拉火山喷发引发的海啸夺走了10万人的生命;美国 黄石国家公园是"世界上最大的活火山"……而那些沉迷于科学的科学家们也是千奇百怪:达尔文居然为蚯蚓弹起了钢琴;牛顿将一根大针眼缝针插进眼窝,为的只 是看看会有什么事情发生;富兰克林不顾生命危险在大雷雨里放风筝;卡文迪许在自己身上做电击强度实验,竟然到了失去知觉的地步;发现第一批陆地动物鱼甲龙 化石的瑞典古生物学家贾维克居然数错了手指、脚趾的数量,还把化石藏了48年不让别人看……


因 此Bill Bryson花了3年的时间,找寻相关的资料与拜访相关的科学家及学者,以科学的角度及散文体例的方式介绍我们所居住的地球。本书虽然厚达544页,但是 涵盖近年来发现的宇宙、生物、地质、物理化学等科普散文知识,这个厚度,才刚刚好呢!本书也获得亚马逊网站2003 年度优秀图书的推荐!

作者简介

一 九五一年出生於美国爱荷华州,毕业於美国德雷克大学。曾任职於伦敦『泰晤士报』与『独立报』,在英国居住长达二十年之久,同时也为『纽约时报』、《君子杂 �I》、《GQ》与《国家地理杂�I》等刊物撰文。他的兴趣很广泛,在语言学方面着有《麻烦词汇字典》(A Dictionary of Troublesome Words)、《母语》(The Mother Tongue)、《美式英语》(Made in America)等书,皆为非学院派的幽默之作,获致很高的评价;在旅游记事方面,着有《别跟山过不去》、《一脚踩进小美国》、《欧洲在发酵》、《哈!小 不列颠》等书。而最新力作《请问这�Y是美国吗?》(I am a Stranger Here Myself)可说是比尔.布莱森在抒写自己的故乡--美国的作品中,最至情至性、最努力经营的一本书,不仅佳评如潮,还被喻为媲美《哈!小不列颠》的佳 作。目前他和英国妻子以及四个小孩居住於美国新罕布夏州的汉诺威市。


英文原版介绍: Editorial Reviews
Amazon.com
From primordial nothingness to this very moment, A Short History of Nearly Everythingreports what happened and how humans figured it out. To accomplish this daunting literary task, Bill Bryson uses hundreds of sources, from popular science books to interviews with luminaries in various fields. His aim is to help people like him, who rejected stale school textbooks and dry explanations, to appreciate how we have used science to understand the smallest particles and the unimaginably vast expanses of space. With his distinctive prose style and wit, Bryson succeeds admirably. Though A Short Historyc locks in at a daunting 500-plus pages and covers the same material as every science book before it, it reads something like a particularly detailed novel (albeit without a plot). Each longish chapter is devoted to a topic like the age of our planet or how cells work, and these chapters are grouped into larger sections such as "The Size of the Earth" and "Life Itself." Bryson chats with experts like Richard Fortey (author of LifeandTrilobite) and these interviews are charming. But it's when Bryson dives into some of science's best and most embarrassing fights--
Cope vs. Marsh, Conway Morrisvs.Gould --that he finds literary gold.

From Publishers Weekly
As the title suggests, bestselling author Bryson (In a Sunburned Country) sets out to put his irrepressible stamp on all things under the sun. As he states at the outset, this is a book about life, the universe and everything, from the Big Bang to the ascendancy of Homo sapiens. "This is a book about how it happened," the author writes. "In particular how we went from there being nothing at all to there being something, and then how a little of that something turned into us, and also what happened in between and since." What follows is a brick of a volume summarizing moments both great and curious in the history of science, covering already well-trod territory in the fields of cosmology, astronomy, paleontology, geology, chemistry, physics and so on. Bryson relies on some of the best material in the history of science to have come out in recent years. This is great for Bryson fans, who can encounter this material in its barest essence with the bonus of having it served up in Bryson's distinctive voice. But readers in the field will already have studied this information more in-depth in the originals and may find themselves questioning the point of a breakneck tour of the sciences that contributes nothing novel. Nevertheless, to read Bryson is to travel with a memoirist gifted with wry observation and keen insight that shed new light on things we mistake for commonplace. To accompany the author as he travels with the likes of Charles Darwin on the Beagle, Albert Einstein or Isaac Newton is a trip worth taking for most readers.

FromAudioFile
In his first major work in three years, Bryson takes on, well, everything. From the components of the atom to the size of the universe to the age of the Earth, Bryson describes the history behind scientific discovery. Sometimes mystified, often admiring, Bryson regales listeners with the follies and feats in science. It's amazing how much we know and how we found it out. It's astounding, however, how much we have yet to learn. Listeners may have to work a bit harder in this departure from Bryson's usual travel writing. His easy pace and sincere delivery, however, make names, dates, and concepts digestible. It's a pleasure to hear Bryson's voice, like that of an old friend, remind us how incredible existence is.

FromBooklist
Confessing to an aversion to science dating to his 1950s school days, Bryson here writes for those of like mind, perhaps out of guilt about his lack of literacy on the subject. Bryson reports he has been doing penance by reading popular-science literature published in the past decade or two, and buttonholing a few science authors, such as Richard Fortey (Trilobite!Eyewitness to Evolution, 2000). The authors Bryson talks to are invariably enthusiasts who, despite their eminence, never look on his questions as silly but, rather, view them as welcome indicators of interest and curiosity. Making science less intimidating is Bryson's essential selling point as he explores an atom; a cell; light; the age and fate of the earth; the origin of human beings. Bryson's organization is historical and his prose heavy on humanizing anecdotes about the pioneers of physics, chemistry, geology, biology, evolution and paleontology, or cosmology. To those acquainted with the popular-science writing Bryson has digested, his repackaging is a trip down memory lane, but to his fellow science-phobes, Bryson' s tour has the same eye-opening quality to wonder and amazement as his wildly popular travelogues.
Review
"Stylish [and] stunningly accurate prose. We learn what the material world is like from the smallest quark to the largest galaxy and at all the levels in between . . . brims with strange and amazing facts . . . destined to become a modern classic of science writing."
The New York Times

"Bryson has made a career writing hilarious travelogues, and in many ways his latest is more of the same, except that this time Bryson hikes through the world of science."
People

"Bryson is surprisingly precise, brilliantly eccentric and nicely eloquent . . . a gifted storyteller has dared to retell the world's biggest story."
Seattle Times

"Hefty, highly researched and eminently readable."
―Simon Winchester,The Globe and Mail

"All non-scientists (and probably many specialized scientists, too) can learn a great deal from his lucid and amiable explanations."
National Post

"Bryson is a terrific stylist. You can't help but enjoy his writing, for its cheer and buoyancy, and for the frequent demonstration of his peculiar, engaging turn of mind."
Ottawa Citizen

"Wonderfully readable. It is, in the best sense, learned."
Winnipeg Free Press


From the Trade Paperback edition.

Review
?Stylish [and] stunningly accurate prose. We learn what the material world is like from the smallest quark to the largest galaxy and at all the levels in between . . . brims with strange and amazing facts . . . destined to become a modern classic of science writing.? --The New York Times

?Bryson has made a career writing hilarious travelogues, and in many ways his latest is more of the same, except that this time Bryson hikes through the world of science.? --People

?Bryson is surprisingly precise, brilliantly eccentric and nicely eloquent . . . a gifted storyteller has dared to retell the world?s biggest story.? --Seattle Times

?Hefty, highly researched and eminently readable.? -- Simon Winchester,The Globe and Mail

?All non-scientists (and probably many specialized scientists, too) can learn a great deal from his lucid and amiable explanations.? --
National Post

"Bryson is a terrific stylist. You can?t help but enjoy his writing, for its cheer and buoyancy, and for the frequent demonstration of his peculiar, engaging turn of mind.? --Ottawa Citizen

?Wonderfully readable. It is, in the best sense, learned.? --Winnipeg Free Press


From the Trade Paperback edition.

Book Description
One of the world's most beloved and bestselling writers takes his ultimate journey -- into the most intriguing and intractable questions that science seeks to answer.

InA Walk in the Woods, Bill Bryson trekked the Appalachian Trail -- well, most of it. InIn A Sunburned Country, he confronted some of the most lethal wildlife Australia has to offer. Now, in his biggest book, he confronts his greatest challenge: to understand -- and, if possible, answer -- the oldest, biggest questions we have posed about the universe and ourselves. Taking as territory everything from the Big Bang to the rise of civilization, Bryson seeks to understand how we got from there being nothing at all to there being us. To that end, he has attached himself to a host of the world's most advanced (and often obsessed) archaeologists, anthropologists, and mathematicians, travelling to their offices, laboratories, and field camps. He has read (or tried to read) their books, pestered them with questions, apprenticed himself to their powerful minds.A Short History of Nearly Everythingis the record of this quest, and it is a sometimes profound, sometimes funny, and always supremely clear and entertaining adventure in the realms of human knowledge, as only Bill Bryson can render it. Science has never been more involving or entertaining.


From the Back Cover
"Stylish [and] stunningly accurate prose. We learn what the material world is like from the smallest quark to the largest galaxy and at all the levels in between . . . brims with strange and amazing facts . . . destined to become a modern classic of science writing." --The New York Times

"Bryson has made a career writing hilarious travelogues, and in many ways his latest is more of the same, except that this time Bryson hikes through the world of science." --People

"Bryson is surprisingly precise, brilliantly eccentric and nicely eloquent . . . a gifted storyteller has dared to retell the world's biggest story." --Seattle Times

"Hefty, highly researched and eminently readable." -- Simon Winchester,The Globe and Mail

"All non-scientists (and probably many specialized scientists, too) can learn a great deal from his lucid and amiable explanations." --
National Post

"Bryson is a terrific stylist. You can't help but enjoy his writing, for its cheer and buoyancy, and for the frequent demonstration of his peculiar, engaging turn of mind." --Ottawa Citizen

"Wonderfully readable. It is, in the best sense, learned." --Winnipeg Free Press


From the Trade Paperback edition.

About the Author
Bill Bryson'sbestselling books includeA Walk in the Woods,I'm a Stranger Here Myself,In A Sunburned Country,Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words ,Bill Bryson's African Diary, andA Short History of Nearly Everything.He lives in Norfolk, England, with his wife and children.